Will Sinwar’s death help Israel destroy Hamas?

The death of Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar, one of the masterminds behind the group's horrific October 7 2023 attack on southern Israel, is no doubt a consequential moment in Israel's year-long war against Hamas. But is it a turning point? Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Sinwar's killing – long a major objective of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) – would signal the “beginning of the end” of the war. But he made clear the war is not over. In fact, Benny Gantz, a former defence minister and member of the war cabinet, said the IDF would continue to operate in Gaza “for years to come”. So, what exactly will be the impact of Sinwar's death?

Does this change anything?

Sinwar's death does change at least one aspect of the war. He was an iconic figure, for better or worse, for Palestinians. He was seen as someone who was taking the fight to Israel. With Sinwar still alive and Hamas hitting back at Israel's war in Gaza, the group was actually increasing in popularity. Opinion polling in late May showed support for Hamas among Palestinians in the Occupied Territories had reached 40 per cent, a six-point increase from three months earlier. Support for the Palestinian Authority, which controls the West Bank, was about half that. Sinwar's demise changes the face of Hamas. It could be a major turning point if Hamas is unable to replace him with a leader as strong as he was. One of the names being discussed is Khaled Mashal, the former head of Hamas' political office who still remains influential in the organisation. This moment offers an opportunity for a new Hamas leader to seek a ceasefire with Israel and an end to the horrific conditions in which Gazans are living. But there's still the question of whether Sinwar's death achieves Israel's war objectives.

What would constitute a victory for Netanyahu?

The main issue is that Netanyahu's war aims have not yet been achieved: the elimination of Hamas as a fighting force and a danger to Israel the freeing of the roughly 100 Israeli hostages still believed to be held in Gaza, as many as half of whom may now be dead the re-establishment of deterrence with Hezbollah in Lebanon to allow the 60,000 Israelis who have been evacuated from northern Israel to return home. Although the killing of Sinwar is a major step towards restricting Hamas' ability to maintain its war against the IDF in Gaza, Israeli soldiers still face some very significant problems there. Over the past year, Hamas has morphed from an organised fighting force into guerrilla mode, which makes its fighters much more difficult to eliminate completely. The classic methodology for dealing with a guerrilla force is “clear, hold and build”. This means you clear an area of the enemy, put troops in to hold the area, and then build an environment in which the enemy can't re-establish itself. Israel can certainly do the “clearing” and “holding”, but has not been able to build an environment in which Hamas can no longer operate. Israeli journalists who have been embedded with Israeli forces have made the point that Hamas operatives are returning to areas that were previously cleared by the IDF, in part due to the group's extensive tunnel network.

Other complications for Netanyahu

Another issue for Netanyahu is that right-wing members of his cabinet have threatened to resign from his governing coalition if he agrees to a ceasefire before Hamas is destroyed as a fighting force. They believe Hamas could use a ceasefire to regroup and re-establish itself as a serious threat to Israel. At the same time, Netanyahu is also facing increasing pressure over the fate of the hostages. If there isn't a ceasefire and negotiations to release them, their families and supporters will continue the large demonstrations they have been staging in Israel in recent months. They are desperate to get back any hostages who may still be alive and the remains of those who have died. Netanyahu is also still weighing Israel's promised retaliation against Iran for its missile attack against the Jewish State in early October. If Israel does launch a major strike, what does Iran do in response? Iran's problem is that it had always relied on a strong Hezbollah in Lebanon to be able to respond to Israel militarily on its behalf. And now it seems to have lost that as Hezbollah has been significantly weakened in recent weeks.

The US sees a potential off-ramp

Another aspect, of course, is where the United States stands on this. The US has made clear it sees Sinwar's death as being an off-ramp for Israel in Gaza – it can claim a major strategic victory and essentially agree to a ceasefire. In recent weeks, the US has also given Israel an ultimatum, saying if there isn't an improvement in the amount of humanitarian aid going into Gaza by the end of November, it will cut off some military aid to Israel. The Democrats want the war to end as soon as possible, because while it's on the front pages of US newspapers, it divides the party and could encourage some voters not to come out and vote in the presidential election. So it's very important for the Democratic candidate, Vice President Kamala Harris, that there be a ceasefire as soon as possible. She said as much in her remarks today: Hamas is decimated and its leadership is eliminated. This moment gives us an opportunity to finally end the war in Gaza. The problem, however, is that Netanyahu has shown in the past he is prepared to go against US wishes whenever it suits him. And a ceasefire does not suit his purposes at this point. Given Republican nominee Donald Trump's steadfast support for Netanyahu, the Israeli leader would also be more than happy to see him return to the White House.

What's most likely to happen

Taking all of these factors into account, Netanyahu is likely to prioritise keeping his government together. As such, he will be more guided by its very right-wing members – Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich and National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir – than by the US or the families of the hostages. After Sinwar's death, Smotrich said the IDF “must increase intense military pressure in the Strip”, while Ben Gvir called on Israel to “continue with all our strength until absolute victory”. So at this stage, it seems likely the war will continue until Netanyahu can say Hamas has been destroyed as a fighting force. That is what his cabinet is demanding to achieve the government's war aims.

(The author is from Australian National University.)